src/components/forms/DynamicForm.tsx

@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ import { logFormChange } from '@/lib/debug';
 import { FieldWidget } from '@/components/forms/FieldWidget';
 import { DnsConnectCard } from '@/features/dns/DnsConnectCard';
 import { isSieveScriptField } from '@/lib/sievepad';
+import { reloadActionFor } from '@/lib/settingsApply';
 
 import type { Field, Fields, Form, FormField, Schema } from '@/types/schema';
 import type { JmapSetResponse, JmapSetError, JmapMethodCall } from '@/types/jmap';
@@ -529,10 +530,13 @@ export function DynamicForm({ viewName, objectId }: DynamicFormProps) {
             setCreatedObjectId(newId);
             setServerCreatedProps(extraProps);
           } else {
+            // inbuxa: a settings object says "Saved and applied" once the server has it.
+            if (!reloadActionFor(obj.objectName)) {
               toast({
                 title: t('form.createdSuccess', 'Created successfully'),
                 variant: 'success',
               });
+            }
             setOriginalData({ ...formData });
             navigate(`/${section}/${viewName}`);
           }
@@ -616,10 +620,13 @@ export function DynamicForm({ viewName, objectId }: DynamicFormProps) {
         const setResult = setResponse[1] as unknown as JmapSetResponse;
 
         if (setResult.updated && updateId in setResult.updated) {
+          // inbuxa: a settings object says "Saved and applied" once the server has it.
+          if (!reloadActionFor(obj.objectName)) {
             toast({
               title: t('form.savedSuccess', 'Saved successfully'),
               variant: 'success',
             });
+          }
 
           if (isSingleton) {
             const getResponses = await jmapGet(obj.objectName, accountId, ['singleton'], fetchProperties);

src/components/layout/SettingsApplyBanner.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Coffey Labs
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+
+/**
+ * inbuxa: shown when saved settings are stored but the server couldn't apply
+ * them. It stays until they are applied or it is dismissed, names the object
+ * the server couldn't build and links to it, and offers to try again.
+ */
+
+import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
+import { AlertTriangle, Loader2, X } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
+import { humanize } from '@/lib/humanize';
+import { resolveList } from '@/lib/schemaResolver';
+import { useSchemaStore } from '@/stores/schemaStore';
+import { useSettingsApplyStore } from '@/stores/settingsApplyStore';
+
+export function SettingsApplyBanner() {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
+  const failure = useSettingsApplyStore((s) => s.failure);
+  const applying = useSettingsApplyStore((s) => s.applying);
+  const applyNow = useSettingsApplyStore((s) => s.applyNow);
+  const dismiss = useSettingsApplyStore((s) => s.dismiss);
+  const schema = useSchemaStore((s) => s.schema);
+  const viewToSection = useSchemaStore((s) => s.viewToSection);
+
+  if (!failure) return null;
+
+  let objectLabel: string | null = null;
+  let objectLink: string | null = null;
+  if (failure.object) {
+    const objectName = `x:${failure.object.object}`;
+    const objectType = schema?.objects[objectName];
+    const list = schema ? resolveList(schema, objectName, objectName) : null;
+    objectLabel = list?.singularName ?? humanize(failure.object.object);
+    const section = viewToSection[objectName];
+    if (section) {
+      objectLink =
+        objectType?.type === 'singleton' || failure.object.id === 'singleton'
+          ? `/${section}/${objectName}`
+          : `/${section}/${objectName}/${encodeURIComponent(failure.object.id)}`;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      role="alert"
+      className="mb-4 flex flex-wrap items-start gap-x-3 gap-y-2 rounded-xl border border-destructive/40 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm"
+    >
+      <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 shrink-0 text-destructive" />
+      <div className="min-w-0 flex-1 space-y-1">
+        <p className="font-medium">
+          {t('settingsApply.failed', "Saved, but the server couldn't apply the settings: {{reason}}", {
+            reason: failure.message,
+          })}
+        </p>
+        {objectLabel && (
+          <p className="text-muted-foreground">
+            {t('settingsApply.failedObject', 'The problem is in {{object}}.', { object: objectLabel })}{' '}
+            {objectLink && (
+              <Link to={objectLink} className="font-medium text-primary hover:underline">
+                {t('settingsApply.openObject', 'Open it')}
+              </Link>
+            )}
+          </p>
+        )}
+        <p className="text-muted-foreground">
+          {t(
+            'settingsApply.stillRunning',
+            'The server keeps running on the settings it had. Your changes are saved and apply once this is fixed.',
+          )}
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+        <Button size="sm" onClick={() => void applyNow()} disabled={applying}>
+          {applying && <Loader2 className="mr-1 h-3.5 w-3.5 animate-spin" />}
+          {t('settingsApply.applyNow', 'Apply now')}
+        </Button>
+        <Button
+          size="icon"
+          variant="ghost"
+          className="h-8 w-8"
+          onClick={dismiss}
+          aria-label={t('settingsApply.dismiss', 'Dismiss')}
+        >
+          <X className="h-4 w-4" />
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

src/i18n/en.json

@@ -345,6 +345,17 @@
     "periodValue": "Period value"
   },
   "sections": "Sections",
+  "settingsApply": {
+    "applied": "Saved and applied",
+    "applyNow": "Apply now",
+    "dismiss": "Dismiss",
+    "failed": "Saved, but the server couldn't apply the settings: {{reason}}",
+    "failedObject": "The problem is in {{object}}.",
+    "noAnswer": "The server did not answer.",
+    "notConfirmed": "The server did not confirm the reload.",
+    "openObject": "Open it",
+    "stillRunning": "The server keeps running on the settings it had. Your changes are saved and apply once this is fixed."
+  },
   "sievepad": {
     "debug": "Debug",
     "defaultName": "Sieve script",

src/lib/settingsApply.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Coffey Labs
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  describeApplyFailure,
+  describeRequestFailure,
+  reloadActionFor,
+  reloadActionsFor,
+  writesRegistry,
+  writtenRegistryTypes,
+} from './settingsApply';
+import type { JmapMethodResponse } from '@/types/jmap';
+
+describe('reloadActionFor', () => {
+  it('reloads settings objects', () => {
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:MtaDeliverySchedule')).toBe('ReloadSettings');
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:SpamPyzor')).toBe('ReloadSettings');
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:NetworkListener')).toBe('ReloadSettings');
+  });
+
+  it('reloads a type it has never heard of', () => {
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:SomethingNew')).toBe('ReloadSettings');
+  });
+
+  it('uses the narrower action where one exists', () => {
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:Certificate')).toBe('ReloadTlsCertificates');
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:StoreLookup')).toBe('ReloadLookupStores');
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:MemoryLookupKeyValue')).toBe('ReloadLookupStores');
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:BlockedIp')).toBe('ReloadBlockedIps');
+  });
+
+  it('skips what the server reloads on write', () => {
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:Directory')).toBeNull();
+    expect(reloadActionFor('x:Authentication')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('skips data read live, operations and stores', () => {
+    for (const type of ['Account', 'Domain', 'DkimSignature', 'Tenant', 'Action', 'QueuedMessage', 'DataStore']) {
+      expect(reloadActionFor(`x:${type}`)).toBeNull();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('ignores anything outside the registry', () => {
+    expect(reloadActionFor('Email')).toBeNull();
+    expect(reloadActionFor('inbuxa:ProtocolPolicy')).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('reloadActionsFor', () => {
+  it('collapses duplicates and puts settings last', () => {
+    expect(reloadActionsFor(['x:MtaRoute', 'x:Certificate', 'x:MtaDeliverySchedule', 'x:Account'])).toEqual([
+      'ReloadTlsCertificates',
+      'ReloadSettings',
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('registry writes', () => {
+  it('recognizes an x: set call among others', () => {
+    expect(writesRegistry([['x:MtaRoute/get', {}, '0']])).toBe(false);
+    expect(
+      writesRegistry([
+        ['Blob/upload', {}, 'b'],
+        ['x:MtaRoute/set', {}, '0'],
+      ]),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('reports only the types a response changed', () => {
+    const responses: JmapMethodResponse[] = [
+      ['Blob/upload', { created: { b: {} } }, 'b'],
+      ['x:MtaRoute/set', { created: null, updated: { a: null }, destroyed: null }, '0'],
+      ['x:SpamPyzor/set', { created: {}, updated: {}, destroyed: [], notUpdated: { singleton: {} } }, '1'],
+      ['x:Certificate/set', { destroyed: ['c1'] }, '2'],
+      ['error', { type: 'serverFail' }, '3'],
+    ];
+    expect(writtenRegistryTypes(responses)).toEqual(['x:MtaRoute', 'x:Certificate']);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('describeApplyFailure', () => {
+  it('keeps the server message and the object it named', () => {
+    expect(
+      describeApplyFailure({
+        type: 'validationFailed',
+        description: 'Failed to resolve Pyzor host',
+        objectId: { object: 'SpamPyzor', id: 'singleton' },
+      }),
+    ).toEqual({ message: 'Failed to resolve Pyzor host', object: { object: 'SpamPyzor', id: 'singleton' } });
+  });
+
+  it('spells out validation errors when there is no description', () => {
+    const failure = describeApplyFailure({
+      type: 'validationFailed',
+      objectId: { object: 'MtaRoute', id: 'b' },
+      validationErrors: [{ type: 'Required', property: 'address' }],
+    });
+    expect(failure.message).toBe('address: This field is required.');
+    expect(failure.object).toEqual({ object: 'MtaRoute', id: 'b' });
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to the error type', () => {
+    expect(describeApplyFailure({ type: 'forbidden' }).message).toBe(
+      'You do not have permission to perform this action.',
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe('describeRequestFailure', () => {
+  it('reads thrown errors and method errors', () => {
+    expect(describeRequestFailure(new Error('Network down')).message).toBe('Network down');
+    expect(describeRequestFailure({ type: 'forbidden', description: 'No' }).message).toBe('No');
+    expect(describeRequestFailure(undefined).message).toBe('The server did not answer.');
+  });
+});

src/lib/settingsApply.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Coffey Labs
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+
+/**
+ * inbuxa: which saved registry objects the running server has to be told to
+ * apply, and how to read its answer when it can't.
+ *
+ * A write to the registry is stored at once, but most settings only take
+ * effect when the server rebuilds its configuration from the registry: the
+ * x:Action ReloadSettings action, which also carries the change to every
+ * node of a cluster. The server does that by itself on a write for a few
+ * types only (directories and the default authentication). Everything else
+ * waited for someone to open Management > Actions and reload by hand.
+ *
+ * A reload is all or nothing: the new configuration replaces the running one
+ * only when every settings object builds, so applying straight after a save
+ * can't leave the server half configured. When something doesn't build, the
+ * server keeps what it had and names the object and the problem.
+ */
+
+import i18n from '@/i18n';
+import { friendlySetError, validationErrorMessage } from '@/lib/jmapErrors';
+import type { JmapMethodCall, JmapMethodResponse, JmapObjectRef, JmapSetError } from '@/types/jmap';
+
+export type ReloadAction = 'ReloadSettings' | 'ReloadTlsCertificates' | 'ReloadLookupStores' | 'ReloadBlockedIps';
+
+/** The order the actions run in when more than one is due. */
+export const RELOAD_ORDER: readonly ReloadAction[] = [
+  'ReloadLookupStores',
+  'ReloadTlsCertificates',
+  'ReloadBlockedIps',
+  'ReloadSettings',
+];
+
+/** Types whose own reload action applies them; the server rebuilds nothing else for these. */
+const OWN_ACTION: Record<string, ReloadAction> = {
+  Certificate: 'ReloadTlsCertificates',
+  StoreLookup: 'ReloadLookupStores',
+  HttpLookup: 'ReloadLookupStores',
+  MemoryLookupKey: 'ReloadLookupStores',
+  MemoryLookupKeyValue: 'ReloadLookupStores',
+  BlockedIp: 'ReloadBlockedIps',
+};
+
+/** Types that need no reload after a write. Anything not listed here is reloaded. */
+const NOTHING_TO_APPLY = new Set<string>([
+  // The server reloads these itself on every write, here and on every node.
+  'Directory',
+  'Authentication',
+  // Read from the registry when used, or kept current by cache invalidation.
+  'Account',
+  'AccountPassword',
+  'AccountSettings',
+  'ApiKey',
+  'AppPassword',
+  'Domain',
+  'DkimSignature',
+  'MailingList',
+  'MaskedEmail',
+  'OAuthClient',
+  'PublicKey',
+  'Role',
+  'Tenant',
+  // Operations, records and telemetry rather than settings.
+  'Action',
+  'ArchivedItem',
+  'ArfExternalReport',
+  'Bootstrap',
+  'ClusterNode',
+  'DmarcExternalReport',
+  'DmarcInternalReport',
+  'Log',
+  'Metric',
+  'QueuedMessage',
+  'SpamTrainingSample',
+  'Task',
+  'TlsExternalReport',
+  'TlsInternalReport',
+  'Trace',
+  // Stores are opened once at startup and a reload keeps the ones it has, so
+  // saying "applied" would be untrue. They take effect on a restart.
+  'BlobStore',
+  'Coordinator',
+  'DataStore',
+  'InMemoryStore',
+  'SearchStore',
+  // Applications are unpacked by their own manager, which no reload reaches.
+  'Application',
+]);
+
+/**
+ * The action that applies a write to `objectName` (an `x:` registry name), or
+ * null when the write needs none. Types this list doesn't know are reloaded:
+ * an unneeded reload costs a second, a missing one leaves a setting unapplied.
+ */
+export function reloadActionFor(objectName: string): ReloadAction | null {
+  if (!objectName.startsWith('x:')) return null;
+  const type = objectName.slice(2);
+  if (NOTHING_TO_APPLY.has(type)) return null;
+  return OWN_ACTION[type] ?? 'ReloadSettings';
+}
+
+const REGISTRY_SET = /^(x:[A-Za-z0-9]+)\/set$/;
+
+/** Whether a request writes to the registry: any `x:<Type>/set` call. */
+export function writesRegistry(methodCalls: JmapMethodCall[]): boolean {
+  return methodCalls.some(([name]) => REGISTRY_SET.test(name));
+}
+
+/** The registry types a response says were created, changed or destroyed. */
+export function writtenRegistryTypes(methodResponses: JmapMethodResponse[]): string[] {
+  const types = new Set<string>();
+  for (const [name, result] of methodResponses) {
+    const match = REGISTRY_SET.exec(name);
+    if (!match || !result) continue;
+    const created = result.created as Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined;
+    const updated = result.updated as Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined;
+    const destroyed = result.destroyed as unknown[] | null | undefined;
+    if (
+      (created && Object.keys(created).length > 0) ||
+      (updated && Object.keys(updated).length > 0) ||
+      (destroyed && destroyed.length > 0)
+    ) {
+      types.add(match[1]);
+    }
+  }
+  return [...types];
+}
+
+/** The actions due for a set of written types, in the order they run. */
+export function reloadActionsFor(objectNames: Iterable<string>): ReloadAction[] {
+  const due = new Set<ReloadAction>();
+  for (const name of objectNames) {
+    const action = reloadActionFor(name);
+    if (action) due.add(action);
+  }
+  return RELOAD_ORDER.filter((a) => due.has(a));
+}
+
+export interface ApplyFailure {
+  /** What went wrong, in the server's words where it gave any. */
+  message: string;
+  /** The settings object that didn't build, when the server named one. */
+  object?: JmapObjectRef;
+}
+
+/** Reads a failed reload action into something to show an administrator. */
+export function describeApplyFailure(err: JmapSetError): ApplyFailure {
+  let message = err.description?.trim() ?? '';
+  if (!message && err.validationErrors && err.validationErrors.length > 0) {
+    message = err.validationErrors
+      .map((ve) => (ve.property ? `${ve.property}: ${validationErrorMessage(ve)}` : validationErrorMessage(ve)))
+      .join('; ');
+  }
+  if (!message) message = friendlySetError(err);
+  const object = typeof err.objectId === 'object' && err.objectId?.object ? err.objectId : undefined;
+  return object ? { message, object } : { message };
+}
+
+/** A failure that came back as a method error or a failed request rather than a set error. */
+export function describeRequestFailure(err: unknown): ApplyFailure {
+  if (err instanceof Error && err.message) return { message: err.message };
+  if (err && typeof err === 'object') {
+    const e = err as { type?: unknown; description?: unknown };
+    if (typeof e.description === 'string' && e.description) return { message: e.description };
+    if (typeof e.type === 'string' && e.type) {
+      return { message: i18n.t('jmapErrors.unexpected', 'Unexpected error ({{type}}).', { type: e.type }) };
+    }
+  }
+  return { message: i18n.t('settingsApply.noAnswer', 'The server did not answer.') };
+}

src/pages/AdminPanel.tsx

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import { TopBar } from '@/components/layout/TopBar';
 import { Sidebar } from '@/components/layout/Sidebar';
 import { SectionNav } from '@/components/layout/SectionNav';
 import { MainContent } from '@/components/layout/MainContent';
+import { SettingsApplyBanner } from '@/components/layout/SettingsApplyBanner';
 import { ErrorBoundary } from '@/components/layout/ErrorBoundary';
 import { LoadingFallback } from '@/components/common/LoadingFallback';
 import {
@@ -320,6 +321,7 @@ export default function AdminPanel() {
             !useSectionNav && sidebarOpen && (sidebarCollapsed ? 'md:ml-[4.5rem]' : 'md:ml-64'),
           )}
         >
+          <SettingsApplyBanner />
           <ErrorBoundary key={activeAccountId ?? 'none'}>
             <MainContent viewName={viewName} id={id} section={section} />
           </ErrorBoundary>

src/services/jmap/client.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { apiFetch } from '@/services/api';
 import { logJmapExchange } from '@/lib/debug';
 import type { JmapMethodCall, JmapMethodResponse, JmapQueryResponse, JmapResponse } from '@/types/jmap';
 import type { Schema } from '@/types/schema';
+import { writesRegistry, writtenRegistryTypes } from '@/lib/settingsApply';
 
 const JMAP_USING = [
   'urn:ietf:params:jmap:core',
@@ -35,10 +36,44 @@ export function getAccountId(objectType: string): string {
   return activeAccountId;
 }
 
+/**
+ * inbuxa: told about every registry write, so that saved settings can be
+ * applied on the server (settingsApplyStore). `started` comes before the
+ * request goes out and `finished` after it settles, with the types it changed.
+ */
+export interface RegistryWriteListener {
+  started(): void;
+  finished(objectNames: string[]): void;
+}
+
+let registryWriteListener: RegistryWriteListener | null = null;
+
+export function setRegistryWriteListener(listener: RegistryWriteListener | null) {
+  registryWriteListener = listener;
+}
+
 export async function jmapRequest(
   methodCalls: JmapMethodCall[],
   signal?: AbortSignal,
   extraUsing: string[] = [],
+): Promise<JmapMethodResponse[]> {
+  const listener = writesRegistry(methodCalls) ? registryWriteListener : null;
+  if (!listener) return sendJmapRequest(methodCalls, signal, extraUsing);
+  listener.started();
+  let written: string[] = [];
+  try {
+    const responses = await sendJmapRequest(methodCalls, signal, extraUsing);
+    written = writtenRegistryTypes(responses);
+    return responses;
+  } finally {
+    listener.finished(written);
+  }
+}
+
+async function sendJmapRequest(
+  methodCalls: JmapMethodCall[],
+  signal?: AbortSignal,
+  extraUsing: string[] = [],
 ): Promise<JmapMethodResponse[]> {
   const { apiUrl } = useAuthStore.getState();
   let path = apiUrl || '/jmap';

src/stores/settingsApplyStore.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Coffey Labs
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, vi } from 'vitest';
+import type { RegistryWriteListener } from '@/services/jmap/client';
+import type { JmapMethodCall, JmapMethodResponse } from '@/types/jmap';
+
+const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  jmapRequest: vi.fn<(calls: JmapMethodCall[]) => Promise<JmapMethodResponse[]>>(),
+  listener: null as RegistryWriteListener | null,
+  toast: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/services/jmap/client', () => ({
+  getAccountId: () => 'admin',
+  jmapRequest: mocks.jmapRequest,
+  setRegistryWriteListener: (l: RegistryWriteListener | null) => {
+    mocks.listener = l;
+  },
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-toast', () => ({ toast: mocks.toast }));
+
+import { APPLY_DELAY_MS, resetSettingsApplyForTests, useSettingsApplyStore } from './settingsApplyStore';
+
+function save(...types: string[]) {
+  mocks.listener!.started();
+  mocks.listener!.finished(types);
+}
+
+function reloadCreates(call: JmapMethodCall): unknown[] {
+  expect(call[0]).toBe('x:Action/set');
+  return Object.values((call[1] as { create: Record<string, unknown> }).create);
+}
+
+function answer(created: string[], notCreated: Record<string, unknown> = {}): JmapMethodResponse[] {
+  return [['x:Action/set', { created: Object.fromEntries(created.map((k) => [k, { id: k }])), notCreated }, 'reload']];
+}
+
+describe('settingsApplyStore', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockReset();
+    mocks.toast.mockReset();
+    resetSettingsApplyForTests();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+
+  it('registers with the JMAP client', () => {
+    expect(mocks.listener).not.toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('applies a settings save once writes settle, and says so', async () => {
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValue(answer(['reload-0']));
+    save('x:MtaDeliverySchedule');
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(reloadCreates(mocks.jmapRequest.mock.calls[0][0][0])).toEqual([{ '@type': 'ReloadSettings' }]);
+    expect(mocks.toast).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({ title: 'Saved and applied', variant: 'success' }),
+    );
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState()).toMatchObject({ pending: [], applying: false, failure: null });
+  });
+
+  it('sends one reload for a burst of saves', async () => {
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValue(answer(['reload-0', 'reload-1']));
+    save('x:MtaRoute');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS / 2);
+    save('x:MtaRoute');
+    // A save still in flight holds the reload back however long it takes.
+    mocks.listener!.started();
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS * 5);
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    mocks.listener!.finished(['x:Certificate']);
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(reloadCreates(mocks.jmapRequest.mock.calls[0][0][0])).toEqual([
+      { '@type': 'ReloadTlsCertificates' },
+      { '@type': 'ReloadSettings' },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('does nothing for writes the server applies itself', async () => {
+    save('x:Directory', 'x:Account', 'x:Domain');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS * 2);
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps a failed reload with the object and message, and retries on Apply now', async () => {
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValueOnce(
+      answer([], {
+        'reload-0': {
+          type: 'validationFailed',
+          description: 'Failed to resolve Pyzor host',
+          objectId: { object: 'SpamPyzor', id: 'singleton' },
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+    save('x:MtaDeliverySchedule');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+
+    expect(mocks.toast).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState()).toMatchObject({
+      pending: ['ReloadSettings'],
+      failure: { message: 'Failed to resolve Pyzor host', object: { object: 'SpamPyzor', id: 'singleton' } },
+    });
+
+    // An unrelated save doesn't rerun a reload that is known to fail.
+    save('x:Account');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS * 2);
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValueOnce(answer(['reload-0']));
+    await useSettingsApplyStore.getState().applyNow();
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState()).toMatchObject({ pending: [], failure: null });
+    expect(mocks.toast).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ title: 'Saved and applied' }));
+  });
+
+  it('tries again by itself when a later save needs a reload', async () => {
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValueOnce(answer([], { 'reload-0': { type: 'validationFailed', description: 'x' } }));
+    save('x:SpamPyzor');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState().failure).not.toBeNull();
+
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValueOnce(answer(['reload-0']));
+    save('x:SpamPyzor');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+    expect(mocks.jmapRequest).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState().failure).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('reports a request that fails outright', async () => {
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Network down'));
+    save('x:MtaRoute');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState()).toMatchObject({
+      pending: ['ReloadSettings'],
+      failure: { message: 'Network down' },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('reports a method error', async () => {
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValueOnce([['error', { type: 'forbidden', description: 'Not allowed' }, 'reload']]);
+    save('x:MtaRoute');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState().failure).toEqual({ message: 'Not allowed' });
+  });
+
+  it('dismissing hides the failure but keeps the reload queued', async () => {
+    mocks.jmapRequest.mockResolvedValueOnce(answer([], { 'reload-0': { type: 'validationFailed', description: 'x' } }));
+    save('x:MtaRoute');
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+    useSettingsApplyStore.getState().dismiss();
+    expect(useSettingsApplyStore.getState()).toMatchObject({ failure: null, pending: ['ReloadSettings'] });
+  });
+});

src/stores/settingsApplyStore.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Coffey Labs
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+
+/**
+ * inbuxa: applies saved settings on the running server.
+ *
+ * Every registry write that needs it queues a reload action (see
+ * lib/settingsApply). Once no write has been in flight for APPLY_DELAY_MS the
+ * queued actions go out together in one x:Action/set, so a bulk edit, or a
+ * page that saves several objects in a row, costs one reload rather than one
+ * per object. A reload that fails stays queued and shows in
+ * SettingsApplyBanner until it is applied, by "Apply now" or by the next save.
+ *
+ * If the server one day applies these writes by itself, the reload sent here
+ * is a second, harmless one: one per burst of saves, never one per object.
+ */
+
+import { create } from 'zustand';
+import i18n from '@/i18n';
+import { toast } from '@/hooks/use-toast';
+import { getAccountId, jmapRequest, setRegistryWriteListener } from '@/services/jmap/client';
+import {
+  RELOAD_ORDER,
+  describeApplyFailure,
+  describeRequestFailure,
+  reloadActionsFor,
+  type ApplyFailure,
+  type ReloadAction,
+} from '@/lib/settingsApply';
+import type { JmapSetError } from '@/types/jmap';
+
+export const APPLY_DELAY_MS = 600;
+
+interface SettingsApplyState {
+  /** Actions waiting to be sent: queued by saves, or left over from a failed attempt. */
+  pending: ReloadAction[];
+  applying: boolean;
+  /** Why the last attempt didn't apply, until one does. */
+  failure: ApplyFailure | null;
+  /** Queues the actions the written types need, and applies them once writes settle. */
+  noteWrites: (objectNames: string[]) => void;
+  /** Sends whatever is queued now, without waiting. */
+  applyNow: () => Promise<void>;
+  /** Hides the failure. What failed stays queued for the next save. */
+  dismiss: () => void;
+}
+
+let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+let writesInFlight = 0;
+let applyAgain = false;
+// Whether a save has queued something since the last attempt. After a failed
+// reload, only a save that needs one tries again by itself; editing an
+// account, say, doesn't rerun a reload that is known to fail.
+let freshlyQueued = false;
+
+function merge(a: ReloadAction[], b: ReloadAction[]): ReloadAction[] {
+  const all = new Set([...a, ...b]);
+  return RELOAD_ORDER.filter((x) => all.has(x));
+}
+
+function schedule() {
+  if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
+  timer = null;
+  const { pending, failure } = useSettingsApplyStore.getState();
+  if (pending.length === 0 || writesInFlight > 0) return;
+  if (failure && !freshlyQueued) return;
+  timer = setTimeout(() => {
+    timer = null;
+    void useSettingsApplyStore.getState().applyNow();
+  }, APPLY_DELAY_MS);
+}
+
+export const useSettingsApplyStore = create<SettingsApplyState>()((set, get) => ({
+  pending: [],
+  applying: false,
+  failure: null,
+
+  noteWrites: (objectNames) => {
+    const due = reloadActionsFor(objectNames);
+    if (due.length > 0) {
+      freshlyQueued = true;
+      set({ pending: merge(get().pending, due) });
+    }
+    schedule();
+  },
+
+  applyNow: async () => {
+    if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
+    timer = null;
+    if (get().applying) {
+      // A save landed while the last reload was out: go again once it's back.
+      applyAgain = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    const actions = get().pending;
+    if (actions.length === 0) return;
+
+    freshlyQueued = false;
+    set({ applying: true, pending: [] });
+    let notApplied: ReloadAction[] = [];
+    let failure: ApplyFailure | null = null;
+    try {
+      const create: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>> = {};
+      actions.forEach((action, i) => {
+        create[`reload-${i}`] = { '@type': action };
+      });
+      const responses = await jmapRequest([
+        ['x:Action/set', { accountId: getAccountId('x:Action'), create }, 'reload'],
+      ]);
+      const [name, result] = responses[responses.length - 1] ?? [];
+      if (name !== 'x:Action/set' || !result) {
+        notApplied = actions;
+        failure = describeRequestFailure(result);
+      } else {
+        const created = (result.created ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>;
+        const notCreated = (result.notCreated ?? {}) as Record<string, JmapSetError>;
+        for (const [i, action] of actions.entries()) {
+          const key = `reload-${i}`;
+          if (key in created) continue;
+          notApplied.push(action);
+          failure ??= notCreated[key]
+            ? describeApplyFailure(notCreated[key])
+            : { message: i18n.t('settingsApply.notConfirmed', 'The server did not confirm the reload.') };
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      notApplied = actions;
+      failure = describeRequestFailure(err);
+    }
+
+    set({ applying: false, pending: merge(get().pending, notApplied), failure });
+    if (!failure) {
+      toast({ title: i18n.t('settingsApply.applied', 'Saved and applied'), variant: 'success' });
+    }
+
+    if (applyAgain) {
+      applyAgain = false;
+      schedule();
+    }
+  },
+
+  dismiss: () => set({ failure: null }),
+}));
+
+setRegistryWriteListener({
+  started() {
+    writesInFlight++;
+    if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
+    timer = null;
+  },
+  finished(objectNames) {
+    writesInFlight = Math.max(0, writesInFlight - 1);
+    useSettingsApplyStore.getState().noteWrites(objectNames);
+  },
+});
+
+/** Test hook: forget timers and counters between cases. */
+export function resetSettingsApplyForTests() {
+  if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
+  timer = null;
+  writesInFlight = 0;
+  applyAgain = false;
+  freshlyQueued = false;
+  useSettingsApplyStore.setState({ pending: [], applying: false, failure: null });
+}

src/types/jmap.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 /*
  * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2020 Stalwart Labs LLC <[email protected]>
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Coffey Labs
  *
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only OR LicenseRef-SEL
+ *
+ * Modified by Coffey Labs in 2026 for INBUXA.
  */
 
 export interface JmapRequest {
@@ -52,11 +55,17 @@ export interface JmapSetError {
   description?: string;
   properties?: string[];
   existingId?: string;
-  objectId?: string;
+  objectId?: string | JmapObjectRef;
   linkedObjects?: string[];
   validationErrors?: ValidationError[];
 }
 
+/** A registry object as the server names it in an error: its type without `x:`, and its id. */
+export interface JmapObjectRef {
+  object: string;
+  id: string;
+}
+
 export interface ValidationError {
   type: 'Invalid' | 'Required' | 'MaxLength' | 'MinLength' | 'MaxValue' | 'MinValue';
   property: string;